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we investigated how bacteria react to

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antibiotics in space why would you need

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to do that in space the reason is

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because a series of experiments in the

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past have shown several things but one

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of them is that if you have a culture of

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bacteria on earth and identical one in

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space after a few hours whenever you're

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done with the experiment you see that

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there are more cells in spaceflight than

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on earth and similarly another series of

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experiments have shown that their

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ability to form biofilms is improved in

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space and biofilms are associated with

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diseases another thing that has been

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observed in spaceflight is the their

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capability to cause disease in their

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host is also enhanced in space and

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finally the one that we're really

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focusing on on AES one is the fact that

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several experiments have seen that you

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need higher concentrations of

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antibiotics or you need more drugs to

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stop bacteria from growing in space so

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that is a bunch of bad things if you

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were thinking about human space

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exploration but actually it's an

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opportunity for us to investigate why

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and how bacteria are becoming so capable

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of surviving concentrations of

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antibiotics that on earth would kill

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them and that's a that's a good problem

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- a good opportunity to try to kill the

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bacteria that we currently can't kill

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with our drugs so you're talking about

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drug-resistant bacteria or what we call

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I guess superbugs exactly as Lourdes

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that's what we're talking about so right

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now in 2015 most people think if I have

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a bacterial infection and I go to the

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doctor get some antibiotics and it's all

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done but in reality there's a problem

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the drug resistance problem on earth

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that every year is worse as a matter of

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fact last year over a hundred thousand

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people died from that so just to put

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that in measurable human cost in

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perspective if this interview is 5 to 6

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minutes in length during that duration

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one person passed away which is really

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heartbreaking as scientists we need to

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do something and space-based research is

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allowing us to try a different way to

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tackle that problem to see how can we

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kill these bacteria so now you're

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analyzing the data are there any results

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you can share with us so far yeah

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there's some stuff that we can share for

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example we've seen something that had

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been reported before that that more

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cells grow in space compared to ground

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to earth but something that we also have

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observed is

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the fact that they're very much smaller

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in space the e.coli that we grew in the

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International Space Station was less

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than half in volume is it was 41% in

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volume a cell in space when you compare

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it to the exact same situation but grown

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on earth so that has several

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implications on on different processes

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but more interestingly than that is that

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we have identified specific genes that

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are responsible for other series of

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processes like the ones we were

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mentioning that we are interested in in

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continue investigating on AES too and

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but also some that are we're ready to

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publish so when will we see a es2 we're